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Jean-Paul II révèle le 3ème secret de Fatima - Archive INA
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Official name: Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris Type Cathédrale Designated 1862 Reference no. The cathedral is widely considered to be one of the finest examples of , and it is among the largest and best-known in the , and in the world. The of its sculptures and serve to contrast it with earlier. As the cathedral of the , Notre-Dame contains the of the , currently. The contains a , which houses some of Catholicism's most important , including the purported , a fragment of the , and one of the. In the 1790s, Notre-Dame suffered in the radical phase of the when much of its religious imagery was damaged or destroyed. An extensive supervised by began in 1845. A project of further restoration and maintenance began in 1991. The north is a fine example of Gothic style. Notre-Dame de Paris was among the first buildings in the world to use the. The building was not originally designed to include the flying buttresses around the and but after the construction began, the thinner walls grew ever higher and stress fractures began to occur as the walls pushed outward. In response, the cathedral's architects built supports around the outside walls, and later additions continued the pattern. The total surface area is 5,500 m² interior surface 4,800 m². Many small individually crafted statues were placed around the outside to serve as column supports and water spouts. Among these are the famous , designed for water run-off, and. The statues were originally colored as was most of the exterior. The paint has worn off. The cathedral was essentially complete by 1345. The cathedral has a narrow climb of 387 steps at the top of several spiral staircases; along the climb it is possible to view its most famous bell and its gargoyles in close quarters, as well as having a spectacular view across Paris when reaching the top. Where indeed, I ask, would they find two towers of such magnificence and perfection, so high, so large, so strong, clothed round about with such a multiple variety of ornaments? Where, I ask, would they find such a multipartite arrangement of so many lateral vaults, above and below? Where, I ask, would they find such light-filled amenities as the many surrounding chapels? Furthermore, let them tell me in what church I may see such a large cross, of which one arm separates the choir from the nave. In fact I believe that this church offers the carefully discerning such cause for admiration that its inspection can scarcely sate the soul. As with most , this account needs to be taken with a grain of salt; archeological excavations in the 20th century suggested that the cathedral replaced by Sully was itself a massive structure, with a five-aisled nave and a façade some 36m across. It is possible therefore that the faults with the previous structure were exaggerated by the Bishop to help justify the rebuilding in a newer style. According to legend, Sully had a vision of a glorious new cathedral for Paris, and sketched it on the ground outside the original church. To begin the construction, the bishop had several houses demolished and had a new road built to transport materials for the rest of the cathedral. Construction began in 1163 during the reign of , and opinion differs as to whether Sully or laid the of the cathedral. However, both were at the ceremony. Bishop de Sully went on to devote most of his life and wealth to the cathedral's construction. Construction of the took from 1163 until around 1177 and the new was consecrated in 1182 it was normal practice for the eastern end of a new church to be completed first, so that a temporary wall could be erected at the west of the choir, allowing the chapter to use it without interruption while the rest of the building slowly took shape. After Bishop Maurice de Sully's death in 1196, his successor, no relation oversaw the completion of the and pressed ahead with the , which was nearing completion at the time of his own death in 1208. By this stage, the western facade had also been laid out, though it was not completed until around the mid-1240s. Numerous architects worked on the site over the period of construction, which is evident from the differing styles at different heights of the west front and towers. The most significant change in design came in the mid 13th century, when the transepts were remodeled in the latest style; in the late 1240s added a gabled portal to the north transept topped off by a spectacular rose window. Shortly afterwards from 1258 executed a similar scheme on the southern transept. Both these transept portals were richly embellished with sculpture; the south portal features scenes from the lives of St Stephen and of various local saints, while the north portal featured the infancy of Christ and the story of Theophilus in the tympanum, with a highly influential statue of the Virgin and Child in the. The Archaeological Crypt of Notre-Dame de Paris. The Archaeological Crypt of the Paris Notre-Dame La crypte archéologique du Parvis de Notre-Dame was created in 1965 to protect a range of historical ruins, discovered during construction work and spanning from the earliest settlement in Paris to the modern day. The crypts are managed by the and contain a large exhibit, detailed models of the architecture of different time periods, and how they can be viewed within the ruins. The main feature still visible is the under-floor heating installed during the Roman occupation. In 1548, rioting damaged features of Notre-Dame, considering them. During the reigns of and , the cathedral underwent major alterations as part of an ongoing attempt to modernize cathedrals throughout Europe. A colossal statue of St Christopher, standing against a pillar near the western entrance and dating from 1413, was destroyed in 1786. Tombs and stained glass windows were destroyed. The north and south rose windows were spared this fate, however. An 1853 photo by of next to In 1793, during the , the cathedral was rededicated to the , and then to the. During this time, many of the treasures of the cathedral were either destroyed or plundered. The 13th century spire was torn down and the statues located at the west facade were beheaded. Many of the heads were found during a 1977 excavation nearby and are on display at the. For a time the replaced the on several altars. The cathedral's great bells managed to avoid being melted down. The cathedral came to be used as a warehouse for the storage of food. A controversial restoration programme was initiated in 1845, overseen by architects and. Viollet Le Duc was responsible for the restorations of several dozen castles, palaces and cathedrals across France. The restoration lasted twenty five years and included a taller and more ornate reconstruction of the a type of , as well as the addition of the on the Galerie des Chimères. Viollet le Duc always signed his work with a bat, the wing structure of which most resembles the Gothic vault see. The Second World War caused more damage. Several of the stained glass windows on the lower tier were hit by stray bullets. These were remade after the war, but now sport a modern geometrical pattern, not the old scenes of the Bible. In 1991, a major programme of maintenance and restoration was initiated, which was intended to last ten years, but was still in progress as of 2010, the cleaning and restoration of old sculptures being an exceedingly delicate matter. Circa 2014, much of the lighting was upgraded to. The organ of Notre-Dame de Paris Organ One of the earliest organs at Notre-Dame, built in 1403 by Friedrich Schambantz, was replaced between 1730-1738 by. During the restoration of the cathedral by , built a new organ, using pipe work of the former instruments. The organ was dedicated in 1868. In 1904, Charles Mutin modified and added several stops; in 1924, an electric blower was installed. An extensive restoration and cleaning took place in 1932 by Joseph Beuchet. Between 1959 and 1963, the mechanical action with barker machines was replaced by an electric action by Jean Hermann, and a new organ console was installed. In fall 1983, the electric combination system was disconnected due to short-circuit risk. Between 1990 and 1992, Jean-Loup Boisseau, Bertrand Cattiaux, Philippe Émeriau, Michel Giroud, and the Société Synaptel throughoutly revised and augmented the instrument. A new console was installed, using the stop knobs, pedal and manual keyboards, foot pistons and balance pedals from the Jean Hermann console. Between 2012 and 2014, Bertrand Cattiaux and Pascal Quoirin restored, cleaned, and modified the organ. The current organ has 115 stops 156 ranks on five manuals and pedal, and more than 8,000 pipes. Sostenuto for all manuals and the pedal. Cancel buttons for each division. The , Emmanuel, original to 1681, is located in the south tower and weighs just over 13 tons and is tolled to mark the hours of the day and for various occasions and services. This bell is always rung first, at least 5 seconds before the rest. Until recently, there were four additional 19th-century bells on wheels in the north tower, which were swing chimed. These bells were meant to replace nine which were removed from the cathedral during the Revolution and were rung for various services and festivals. The bells were once rung by hand before electric motors allowed them to be rung without manual labor. When it was discovered that the size of the bells could cause the entire building to vibrate, threatening its structural integrity, they were taken out of use. The bells also had external hammers for tune playing from a small clavier. On the night of 24 August 1944 as the was taken by an advance column of French and Allied armoured troops and elements of the Resistance, it was the tolling of the Emmanuel that announced to the city that. The plan originally was to melt them down and recast new bells from the material. However, a legal challenge resulted in the bells being saved in extremis at the foundry. As of early 2013, they are still merely set aside until their fate is decided. A set of 8 new bells was cast by the same foundry, Cornille-Havard, in Normandy that had cast the four in 1856. At the same time, a much larger bell called Marie was cast in by — it now hangs with Emmanuel in the south tower. The 9 new bells, which were delivered to the cathedral at the same time 31 January 2013 , are designed to replicate the quality and tone of the cathedral's original bells. While the building itself is owned by the state, the Catholic Church is the designated beneficiary, having the exclusive right to use it for religious purpose in perpetuity. The archdiocese is responsible for paying the employees, security, heating and cleaning, and assuring that the cathedral is open free to visitors. The archdiocese does not receive subsidies from the French State. This corporation of teachers and students will evolve in 1200 into the in an edict by King. On 2 June 1937 Louis Vierne dies at the cathedral organ as was his lifelong wish near the end of his 1750th concert. According to some accounts the Mass was interrupted by sniper fire from both the internal and external galleries. Petit later performed a similar act between the Twin Towers of the. Arrests made after an explosives-filled car was discovered parked alongside the cathedral. The cathedral is renowned for its sermons founded by the famous in the 1860s. In recent years, however, an increasing number have been given by leading public figures and state employed academics. Herrick, The Making of the New Spirituality, InterVarsity Press, 2004 , p. The Atlantic Monthly Group, 11 March 2014. Warsaw: University of Washington Press. The Horizon Book of Great Cathedrals. Music and ceremony at Notre Dame of Paris, 500—1550 Cambridge University Press, 2008.